Referans
Dictionnaire médical
Définitions claires des termes médicaux courants en ORL, rhinoplastie, chirurgie thyroïdienne, oncologie cervico-faciale et laryngologie.
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ENT — General
80 seçili terimAllergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis (AFRS)
AFRS is a distinct rhinosinusitis phenotype characterised by Type I hypersensitivity to ubiquitous fungi such as Aspergillus, Bipolaris and Curvularia, defined by Bent-Kuhn criteria including total IgE >1000 IU/mL and eosinophilic mucin with scattered fungal hyphae.
Devamını oku →Olfactory Training
Olfactory training is a standardised four-odour protocol of rose, eucalyptus, lemon and clove, practised as two 30-second mindful sniffing sessions daily, harnessing olfactory neuroplasticity with proven efficacy in post-viral and post-COVID anosmia.
Devamını oku →Posterior Epistaxis
Posterior epistaxis originates from the sphenopalatine artery territory, accounting for 5–10% of all epistaxis cases but more than 50% of hospital admissions, and is more common in older hypertensive patients.
Devamını oku →Septal Deviation Grading
Nasal septal deviation is graded by regional anatomy and deformity type using the Cottle or Mladina classification, with the NOSE score and rhinomanometry used to quantify functional impairment.
Devamını oku →FESS Complications
FESS complications include major events such as orbital haematoma, optic nerve injury and CSF leak (below 0.5%) and minor events such as synechia and ostial stenosis (15–20%), with intraoperative recognition being critical for management.
Devamını oku →Upper Airway Cough Syndrome (UACS)
Upper Airway Cough Syndrome (UACS) is a leading cause of chronic cough (>8 weeks) resulting from mucus stimulation of cough receptors in the pharynx and larynx from allergic rhinitis, vasomotor rhinitis or CRS; the name was updated by ACCP guidelines in 2006.
Devamını oku →Turbinate Radiofrequency Ablation
Turbinate radiofrequency ablation applies bipolar RF probe thermal coagulation at 60–80°C to the inferior turbinate submucosa, preserving the overlying mucosa, performed as an office procedure under local anaesthesia.
Devamını oku →Orbital Complications of Sinusitis
Orbital complications of sinusitis are classified into five stages by the Chandler classification, forming a serious clinical condition requiring emergency intervention in children and young adults due to infection spreading from the ethmoid sinus via the lamina papyracea.
Devamını oku →Drug-Induced Rhinitis
Drug-induced rhinitis encompasses rhinitis medicamentosa from alpha-adrenergic decongestant use >3–5 days, antihypertensive-induced rhinitis from ACE inhibitors and beta-blockers, and AERD (aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease) spectrum.
Devamını oku →Tonsil Hypertrophy Grading
Tonsil hypertrophy is graded 0–4 by the Friedman/Brodsky classification; surgical indication is determined by Paradise criteria for recurrent infection or the presence of sleep apnoea with AHI ≥1.
Devamını oku →Periorbital vs Orbital Cellulitis Distinction
Periorbital cellulitis is a superficial infection anterior to the orbital septum; orbital cellulitis involves structures posterior to the septum with serious signs including proptosis, painful eye movement and threatened vision, and may require emergency surgical intervention.
Devamını oku →Adenotonsillectomy Indications
The AAO-HNS 2019 guideline identifies recurrent throat infection meeting Paradise criteria and PSG-confirmed OSA with AHI ≥1 as strong recommendation-level indications for tonsillectomy.
Devamını oku →Referred Otalgia
Referred otalgia is pain radiating to the ear from extra-auricular sources via shared neural pathways of the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal, vagus and cervical nerves; in smokers and drinkers over 50 with normal otoscopy, pharyngolaryngeal malignancy is found in 25% of referred otalgia cases.
Devamını oku →Agger Nasi Cells
Agger nasi cells are the most anterior ethmoid air cells located anterosuperior to the middle turbinate attachment, present on CT in 89–98% of the population; prominent cells narrow the frontal recess and predispose to frontal sinusitis.
Devamını oku →Onodi Cells (Sphenoethmoidal Cells)
Onodi cells are the posteriormost ethmoid air cells pneumatising superolaterally beyond the sphenoid sinus face, present in 8–14% of the population; when present, the optic nerve courses through or immediately adjacent to the cell in 78% of cases, creating a critical risk in FESS.
Devamını oku →Haller Cells (Infraorbital Ethmoid Cells)
Haller cells are infraorbital ethmoid air cells extending between the floor of the orbit and the roof of the maxillary sinus, seen on CT in 10–45% of the population; large cells narrow the infundibulum from above, predisposing to recurrent maxillary sinusitis.
Devamını oku →Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction presents as epiphora from congenital Hasner's valve imperforation (affecting 6% of neonates) or acquired primary acquired NLDO typically affecting women over 40 through idiopathic fibrosis.
Devamını oku →Nasal Fracture Management
Nasal fracture constitutes 40% of all facial fractures; septal haematoma (same-day drainage urgency) must be excluded, and the optimal window for closed reduction is days 3–14 after swelling subsides.
Devamını oku →Biologics in CRS with Nasal Polyps
Three EMA/FDA-approved biologics exist for CRSwNP: dupilumab (anti-IL-4Rα, 2019), mepolizumab (anti-IL-5, 2021) and omalizumab (anti-IgE, 2020); all reduce polyp burden, restore olfaction and lower systemic steroid requirement.
Devamını oku →Adenoid Vegetation Diagnosis
Adenoid vegetation is hypertrophy of the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue peaking between ages 3–7, potentially causing nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, OSA, Eustachian tube dysfunction and adenoid facies.
Devamını oku →Choanal Stenosis/Atresia Surgery
Choanal atresia is a congenital failure of the nasolacrimal membrane to canalise; bilateral form constitutes a neonatal respiratory emergency in obligate nasal breathers and requires early surgical intervention.
Devamını oku →Tonsilloliths (Tonsil Stones)
Tonsilloliths are calcified accumulations of food debris, bacteria, desquamated epithelium and mucus within tonsillar crypts with 6–10% prevalence; their most prominent symptom is halitosis from volatile sulphur compound production.
Devamını oku →AHI Scoring and OSA Severity
The Apnoea-Hypopnoea Index (AHI) defines the number of apnoeas and hypopnoeas per hour of sleep and is graded as mild (5–14.9), moderate (15–29.9) and severe (≥30) per the AASM/AAO-HNS classification.
Devamını oku →Otology & Ear
37 seçili terimTinnitus (bourdonnements d'oreille)
La perception d'un son — bourdonnement, sifflement ou tintement — dans les oreilles ou la tête sans source externe. Il s'agit d'un symptôme plutôt que d'une maladie.
Devamını oku →Vertigo (Dizziness)
A sensation of spinning of the environment or self; most commonly caused by inner ear balance disorders.
Devamını oku →BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo)
Brief episodes of vertigo triggered by head position changes, caused by displaced otoconia crystals entering the semicircular canals.
Devamını oku →Menière's Disease
A chronic vestibular disorder characterised by endolymphatic hydrops, with episodic vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss and tinnitus.
Devamını oku →Hearing Loss
Reduced ability to hear sounds; classified as conductive, sensorineural or mixed type.
Devamını oku →Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection)
Infection or effusion in the middle ear; presents in acute, recurrent or effusion (serous) forms.
Devamını oku →Otosclerosis
Conductive hearing loss caused by abnormal bone remodelling that immobilises the stapes (stirrup bone) in the middle ear.
Devamını oku →Cochlea
A spiral-shaped sensory organ in the inner ear that converts sound waves into neural signals.
Devamını oku →Tympanoplasty
Surgical repair of the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and/or reconstruction of the middle ear ossicles.
Devamını oku →Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of the inner ear labyrinth; presents with acute-onset severe vertigo, nausea and hearing loss.
Devamını oku →Acoustic Neuroma (Vestibular Schwannoma)
A benign tumour arising from the sheath of cranial nerve VIII; presents with unilateral tinnitus, progressive sensorineural hearing loss and imbalance.
Devamını oku →Vestibular Neuritis
Sudden severe vertigo without hearing loss, caused by presumed viral inflammation of the vestibular nerve; resolves through spontaneous compensation over weeks.
Devamını oku →Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
A rapid-onset clinically significant sensorineural hearing loss; an otologic emergency requiring prompt audiological confirmation and early ENT assessment.
Devamını oku →Presbycusis (Age-Related Hearing Loss)
Age-related cochlear degeneration presenting as bilateral symmetric high-frequency sensorineural hearing loss; quality of life is maintained with hearing aids and audiological rehabilitation.
Devamını oku →Noise-Induced Hearing Loss
Sensorineural hearing loss caused by excessive noise exposure; characterised by a 4 kHz notch audiogram and cumulative hair-cell damage; entirely preventable with hearing protection.
Devamını oku →Ototoxic Hearing Loss
Drug-induced sensorineural hearing loss caused by medications such as aminoglycoside antibiotics, cisplatin, loop diuretics or high-dose aspirin damaging cochlear hair cells.
Devamını oku →Pure-Tone Audiometry
The foundational audiological test measuring hearing thresholds in air conduction (AC) and bone conduction (BC); the AC-BC gap reflects the conductive component, and the sensorineural component reflects cochlear loss.
Devamını oku →Tympanometry
Objective test measuring middle ear pressure and compliance; results in Type A (normal), B (effusion/perforation), C (negative pressure/ETD), Ad (hypercompliant) and As (stiff) curves.
Devamını oku →Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE)
An objective test measuring the sound energy produced by outer hair cells; the first step of the 2-stage protocol used in newborn hearing screening and ototoxic drug monitoring.
Devamını oku →BAEP / ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response)
Waves I-V recorded from the auditory nerve and brainstem pathways; wave V latency in adults is 5.5-6 ms, I-V interwave interval 4 ms; applicable without sedation.
Devamını oku →Vestibular Test Battery
A comprehensive balance system evaluation combining caloric testing (VNG), VEMP, rotary chair, video head impulse test (vHIT) and computerised posturography.
Devamını oku →VNG — Videonystagmography
Standard vestibular evaluation including caloric testing, optokinetic assessment, smooth pursuit and saccade tests; canal paresis and directional preponderance are calculated.
Devamını oku →VEMP — Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential
Objective vestibular test evaluating the saccule (cVEMP from SCM) and utricle (oVEMP from inferior oblique) separately; SSCD shows elevated amplitude, Menière shows reduced amplitude.
Devamını oku →Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube that ventilates the middle ear, presenting in obstructive (negative pressure, effusion) or patulous (autophony, open tube) forms.
Devamını oku →Otitis Externa (Outer Ear Canal Infection)
Outer ear canal infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and S. aureus; pain increasing with ear traction, treated with acidifying plus antibiotic drops and a wick for severe canal oedema.
Devamını oku →Durumunuzla ilgili sorunuz mu var?
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