Tinnitus (bourdonnements d'oreille)

The most common cause of tinnitus is damage to the hair cells of the inner ear (cochlea). Main sources of this damage are prolonged noise exposure (workplace noise, concerts, headphones), age-related hearing loss (presbycusis) and ear infections.

Middle-ear causes include earwax impaction (cerumen), otosclerosis (calcification of the ossicles) and fluid accumulation. Ménière's disease — raised endolymphatic pressure — causes tinnitus alongside vertigo and hearing loss.

Drug-induced tinnitus ("ototoxic drugs") is common. High-dose aspirin, quinine, certain aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin), chemotherapy agents and high-dose diuretics can damage cochlear hair cells.

Pulsatile tinnitus — ringing that matches the heartbeat — usually indicates a vascular source: carotid artery stenosis, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), glomus tumour (paraganglioma), hypertension or thyroid disease. This type of tinnitus warrants priority ENT assessment.

Rarer causes include acoustic neuroma (vestibular schwannoma), temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction, cervical muscle spasm and cervical disc disease. A psychiatric component is also important: anxiety and depression amplify perceived tinnitus severity and can create a vicious cycle.

Tinnitus sounds vary considerably between individuals. The most commonly reported sounds are: high-pitched ringing or whistling, low-frequency humming or buzzing, a sharp beep, static or electrical noise, and a heartbeat-synchronous "whoosh" (pulsatile tinnitus).

In many patients the sound diminishes in ambient noise and becomes more prominent in quiet environments — especially when lying in bed at night. Stress, fatigue and caffeine intake can temporarily intensify it.

Associated findings are important: concurrent hearing loss raises the likelihood of a cochlear cause; accompanying vertigo suggests Ménière's or a vestibular disorder; neck mass or facial palsy makes head-and-neck assessment more relevant.

Diagnosis begins with a detailed history. The clinician asks: Is the tinnitus in one ear or both? Continuous or intermittent? Does it pulse with the heartbeat? When did it start, are there triggering factors? Is it accompanied by hearing loss or dizziness?

Physical examination includes otoscopy of the ear canal and tympanic membrane, and clearance of any cerumen. Head and neck examination is performed; temporomandibular joint palpation and cervical vessel auscultation (in pulsatile tinnitus) are carried out.

Objective measurement of tinnitus is difficult — no one else can hear the sound. Validated questionnaires such as the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) quantify the impact on quality of life. Tinnitus matching estimates the frequency and perceived loudness of the sound.

Pure-tone audiometry (PTA): The majority of tinnitus patients have a hidden hearing loss. PTA determines hearing thresholds at each frequency and reveals cochlear damage patterns.

Tympanometry: Measures tympanic membrane mobility and middle-ear pressure. Used to exclude middle-ear-source tinnitus such as otitis media, Eustachian tube dysfunction or otosclerosis.

Otoacoustic emissions (OAE): Tests the integrity of inner-ear hair cells. Damaged hair cells cannot generate a normal OAE response; this test can detect early cochlear damage even before audiometric changes appear.

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP / ABR): May help when retrocochlear pathology (auditory nerve or brainstem abnormality) is suspected. Abnormal findings raise the need for advanced assessment in clinical context.

Tinnitus matching and minimum masking level (MML): Measures the frequency and dB intensity of the tinnitus. Used in treatment planning.

Laboratory tests: Thyroid function, full blood count, vitamin B12 and iron levels may be requested — to exclude metabolic and vascular causes.

Not every tinnitus patient needs imaging. In bilateral, symmetric, high-frequency tinnitus where audiometric hearing loss is consistent with noise exposure, imaging is not routinely recommended.

Advanced imaging assessment becomes more relevant with unilateral tinnitus plus hearing loss, pulsatile tinnitus, accompanying neurological findings, or sudden-onset progressive unilateral tinnitus.

In pulsatile tinnitus, vascular cross-sectional assessment can enter the discussion; high-flow vascular anomalies, carotid stenosis or paraganglioma are considered in the differential. Standard brain imaging may not answer every clinical question.

Temporal bone anatomy can be assessed separately when otosclerosis, chronic otitis or cholesteatoma is part of the clinical context. Radiation-based methods are not automatic choices for routine tinnitus investigation.

Summary: If tinnitus is in one ear only, pulses with the heartbeat, or is accompanied by dizziness, hearing loss or a neck mass, imaging assessment becomes more relevant. For ordinary bilateral ringing, imaging often adds little to the clinical question.

Cause-directed care is the first step: if earwax is cleared, otitis is treated or an ototoxic drug is stopped, tinnitus often subsides. The clinical history therefore includes a search for relevant underlying causes.

Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT): A combination of sound therapy (neutral background sound to help the brain habituate to tinnitus) and psychological counselling. It requires regular use and is considered one of the evidence-supported approaches for chronic tinnitus.

Hearing aids: When hearing loss accompanies tinnitus, hearing aids provide a dual benefit — they correct hearing and reduce the perceptual dominance of tinnitus by amplifying external sounds. Models with integrated masking functions are also available.

Sound masking / white-noise devices: Continuous low-level neutral sound prevents tinnitus from being noticed. Particularly helpful at night. Does not provide a permanent solution alone; more effective when combined with TRT.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): Breaks the anxiety-attention cycle created by tinnitus. Studies show CBT can reduce tinnitus distress and quality-of-life burden. It is one of the best-evidenced psychological approaches.

Drug treatment: There is no specific FDA- or EMA-approved drug for tinnitus. Alprazolam and acamprosate have provided short-term relief in some studies, but long-term use is limited by dependence risk and side effects. Short-term sedative-hypnotics may be considered when sleep disturbance accompanies tinnitus.

rTMS (Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation): Targets the auditory cortex; some randomised studies show significant tinnitus reduction. Evidence level remains moderate; applied in selected cases at specialist centres.

Cause-specific procedures: Vestibular schwannoma management, stapes procedures for otosclerosis and inner-ear pressure options for selected Ménière's disease cases can be discussed according to individual findings.

Acute tinnitus: New-onset tinnitus related to noise exposure or acute infection may improve spontaneously in some patients. Early assessment helps identify hearing loss or a treatable underlying cause.

Chronic tinnitus: Complete silence should not be expected. TRT, sound therapy and CBT can help patients notice the sound less, reduce the anxiety-attention loop and improve quality of life.

Hearing aids: When hearing loss is present, hearing aids can support hearing and reduce the dominance of tinnitus by increasing external sound input.

Cause-directed treatment success varies by cause. In otosclerosis, acoustic neuroma or Ménière's disease, tinnitus response is not identical for every patient; goals are set around personal findings, hearing status and quality of life.

Important note: The statement "there is no treatment for tinnitus" is inaccurate. The treatment goal is not always complete resolution; habituation, quality-of-life improvement and psychological adjustment are recognised as success.

A significant portion of noise-induced tinnitus is preventable. Key protective measures include wearing ear plugs or active noise-reduction earmuffs in noisy environments, and keeping headphone volume and listening time within safe limits.

Hearing review is relevant during ototoxic drug use; ear cerumen can be checked at regular intervals. Blood pressure and thyroid control help prevent systemic triggers of tinnitus.

Once tinnitus is established, factors that worsen it should be avoided: excess caffeine, alcohol, smoking, further loud noise exposure and chronic stress.

ENT assessment is prioritized in any of the following: tinnitus started in one ear; it pulses with the heartbeat; it is accompanied by dizziness, loss of balance or walking difficulty; sudden hearing loss accompanies it; a neck mass, facial numbness or palsy is present.

Same-day assessment context: Sudden unilateral hearing loss with tinnitus usually brings ENT review forward because hearing risk is time-sensitive.

Planned examination context: Tinnitus lasting more than two weeks, progressively worsening intensity, constant sound that seriously affects quality of life, sleep disturbance or accompanying anxiety.