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القاموس الطبي
تعريفات واضحة للمصطلحات الطبية الشائعة في أمراض الأنف والأذن والحنجرة وجراحة الغدة الدرقية وأورام الرأس والرقبة.
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ENT — General
80 seçili terimSeptoplasty
A functional surgical procedure that corrects the deviated septum to improve nasal airflow without altering the external appearance of the nose.
Devamını oku →Chronic Rhinitis
Long-lasting chronic inflammation or dysfunction of the nasal mucosa; includes allergic and non-allergic forms.
Devamını oku →Rhinosinusitis
Simultaneous inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses; modern medicine prefers this term over "sinusitis" alone.
Devamını oku →Acute Sinusitis
Sudden-onset inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, usually following a viral upper respiratory infection. Antibiotic therapy may be indicated when bacterial superinfection develops.
Devamını oku →Chronic Sinusitis (CRS)
Long-lasting inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, divided into polyp and non-polyp subtypes; FESS may be used in refractory cases.
Devamını oku →Rhinosinusitis Complications
Life-threatening complications arising from orbital or intracranial spread of rhinosinusitis; orbital cellulitis, subdural empyema, brain abscess and cavernous sinus thrombosis are the most important presentations.
Devamını oku →Maxillary Sinus
The largest paranasal sinus, located within the cheekbone on both sides of the face; its floor is adjacent to the upper molar teeth and can predispose to odontogenic sinusitis.
Devamını oku →Ethmoid Sinus
A paranasal sinus complex composed of multiple small cells located between the nose and orbit; its adjacency to the optic nerve and orbit creates critical anatomical landmarks requiring attention during FESS.
Devamını oku →Sphenoid Sinus
A paranasal sinus within the sphenoid bone, clinically important because of its proximity to the carotid artery, optic nerve and pituitary gland.
Devamını oku →Frontal Sinus
A paranasal sinus in the frontal bone that drains through the narrow, variable frontal recess; anatomical variation makes surgical planning important.
Devamını oku →Balloon Sinuplasty
A minimally invasive sinus surgery technique that aims to widen the sinus ostium with a small balloon catheter; it achieves drainage by compression alone without removing bone or mucosa.
Devamını oku →Nasal Polyp Treatment
Topical steroids and saline irrigation are core treatments for nasal polyps; biologics may help severe type-2 disease and FESS is considered for refractory cases.
Devamını oku →Chronic Tonsillitis Surgery (Tonsillectomy)
Surgical treatment for recurrent or chronic tonsillar infections, with indications guided by Paradise criteria and specialist surgical assessment.
Devamını oku →Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)
A collection of pus between the tonsillar capsule and pharyngeal muscles; deviated uvula and muffled voice are characteristic findings.
Devamını oku →Adenoid Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue causes nasal obstruction, chronic otitis media with effusion and snoring.
Devamını oku →Adenotonsillectomy
Surgical removal of both the tonsils and adenoid tissue; one of the most common ENT procedures for paediatric OSA and recurrent tonsillitis.
Devamını oku →Paediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnoea
A disorder of recurrent upper airway obstruction in children; the hallmark is hyperactivity and inattention rather than daytime sleepiness as in adults.
Devamını oku →CPAP Therapy
Continuous positive airway pressure delivers pressurised air to keep the upper airway open during sleep; the gold-standard non-surgical treatment for moderate-to-severe OSA.
Devamını oku →Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
Surgery that widens the upper airway by removing excess soft palate, uvula and pharyngeal tissue; used for OSA and snoring treatment.
Devamını oku →Tongue Base Radiofrequency Somnoplasty
A minimally invasive procedure using radiofrequency energy to reduce tongue base volume and widen the retroglottal airway; serves as an adjunct in the OSA surgical algorithm.
Devamını oku →Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE)
Dynamic evaluation method using flexible endoscopy under pharmacologically induced sleep to observe upper airway collapse patterns and guide OSA surgical planning.
Devamını oku →Allergic Rhinitis Treatment
Stepwise management of IgE-mediated nasal inflammation caused by inhaled allergens, encompassing pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy and biologics.
Devamını oku →Vasomotor Rhinitis
Hyperreactive nasal inflammation unrelated to allergy or infection, triggered by non-specific stimuli such as temperature changes, cigarette smoke or strong odours.
Devamını oku →Choanal Atresia
Obstruction of the posterior nasal openings (choanae) by bony or membranous tissue; bilateral form creates a neonatal airway emergency.
Devamını oku →Nasal Foreign Body
An object lodged in the nasal cavity; presents with unilateral purulent malodorous discharge; button batteries can cause dangerous alkali burns and require urgent removal.
Devamını oku →Epistaxis Management
The vast majority of nasal bleeding originates from the anterior Kiesselbach plexus and can be stopped by silver nitrate cauterisation; posterior bleeding follows a more severe course.
Devamını oku →Septoplasty Complications
Management of potential complications of nasal septum deviation correction surgery, chiefly haematoma, perforation, CSF leak and synechiae formation.
Devamını oku →Turbinoplasty Techniques
Surgical methods that reduce inferior turbinate volume to decrease nasal resistance; radiofrequency ablation, microdebrider submucosal resection and turbinate outfracture are the main options.
Devamını oku →Nasal Obstruction Assessment
Objective and subjective measurement of nasal obstruction using the NOSE questionnaire, acoustic rhinometry, and active anterior rhinomanometry.
Devamını oku →Nasal Steroid Spray Technique
Correct application of topical nasal corticosteroids: directing the spray laterally away from the septum to ensure minimal systemic absorption.
Devamını oku →Neck Lymph Node Assessment
Neck lymph node assessment combines size, shape, consistency, growth pattern and ultrasound findings; sampling is planned according to the clinical picture when suspicion persists.
Devamını oku →Neck Mass Differential Diagnosis
Reactive adenopathy and congenital cysts predominate in children; in adults, a persistent or enlarging neck mass requires more careful evaluation for malignancy.
Devamını oku →Branchial Cleft Cyst
Congenital cyst arising from the second branchial arch, located at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; complete surgical excision including the tract is required to prevent recurrence.
Devamını oku →Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Congenital midline cyst at or below the hyoid bone that moves with tongue protrusion; Sistrunk procedure is required for definitive treatment.
Devamını oku →Cervical Lymphadenitis
Inflammatory enlargement of cervical lymph nodes; may be viral (EBV, CMV) or bacterial (Streptococcus); NTM scrofuloderma requires excisional biopsy.
Devamını oku →Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis)
Calcified stone formation in salivary ducts; it can cause recurrent submandibular or cheek swelling and pain, especially around meals.
Devamını oku →Bell's Palsy
Idiopathic peripheral lower motor neuron facial palsy; early corticosteroid assessment and protection of an eye that cannot close are central care priorities.
Devamını oku →Intraoperative Facial Nerve Monitoring
EMG-based monitoring using continuous and stimulated modes; standard practice in parotidectomy and temporal bone surgery.
Devamını oku →Horner Syndrome (ENT Perspective)
Triad of ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis indicating a lesion at central, preganglionic or postganglionic level of the sympathetic pathway; MRI brainstem and neck CT are required.
Devamını oku →Deep Neck Space Infection
Life-threatening infection of deep neck spaces including parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal and Ludwig angina; airway prioritised, followed by CT with IV contrast, drainage and antibiotics.
Devamını oku →Neck Pain ENT Differential Diagnosis
Cervical radiculopathy, reactive adenopathy, fluctuant abscess and painless firm malignancy are the main ENT causes of neck pain; weight loss and dysphagia are red flags.
Devamını oku →Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Surgical Options
DISE phenotyping guides surgical approach; UPPP for the velum, tongue base RF, HNS (Inspire device) and maxillomandibular advancement are the most effective options.
Devamını oku →Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Complications
FESS complications include orbital wall breach, CSF leak, major haemorrhage, anosmia and rare visual loss that must be recognised urgently.
Devamını oku →Allergen Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis
Allergen immunotherapy is a disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis recommended by EAACI guidelines, administered as subcutaneous injections (SCIT) or sublingual drops/tablets (SLIT) with progressively increasing allergen doses over 3–5 years.
Devamını oku →CRS Phenotypes: With and Without Nasal Polyps
Chronic rhinosinusitis is classified by the presence (CRSwNP) or absence (CRSsNP) of nasal polyps based on symptoms persisting ≥12 weeks, and divided into two endotypes: eosinophilic Type 2 inflammation and non-eosinophilic Th1-driven disease.
Devamını oku →Post-COVID Anosmia
Post-COVID anosmia results from damage to sustentacular support cells of the olfactory epithelium following SARS-CoV-2 infection; 10–15% of patients experience persistent loss beyond 6 months.
Devamını oku →Antibiotic Selection in Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis
Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is defined by symptoms persisting ≥10 days or worsening after initial improvement; the AAO-HNS 2015 guideline recommends amoxicillin-clavulanate 875/125 mg twice daily for 5–7 days as first-line treatment.
Devamını oku →Antrochoanal Polyp
An antrochoanal polyp is a unilateral polypoid lesion originating from the maxillary sinus antrum that extends through the accessory or natural ostium to the nasopharynx, accounting for 4–6% of all nasal polyps and occurring predominantly in children and young adults.
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