Dysphagia (Swallowing Difficulty)
Difficulty in passing food from the mouth to the stomach; may be oropharyngeal or oesophageal in origin.
Oropharyngeal dysphagia is seen in neurological conditions (stroke, Parkinson's), head and neck cancers or after radiotherapy to this region. In oesophageal dysphagia, stricture, achalasia or tumour are investigated.
Evaluation uses modified barium swallow study (MBSS) and flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). Aspiration risk is critical for pneumonia. Swallowing rehabilitation and enteral feeding when indicated are key management aspects.
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