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Dizionario medico
Definizioni chiare dei termini medici più usati in otorinolaringoiatria, rinoplastica, chirurgia tiroidea, oncologia testa-collo e laringologia.
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Rhinoplasty & Nasal Surgery
105 seçili terimTransdomal Suture
The transdomal (intradomal) suture passes through each dome separately, narrowing dome width and increasing tip projection; applied with 5-0 PDS horizontal mattress.
Devamını oku →Nasal Tip Complex
The nasal tip complex encompasses the lower lateral cartilages, overlying soft tissue, and skin envelope as a unit; graft and suture decisions must consider this tripartite unity.
Devamını oku →Nasal Skin Analysis
Thin or thick nasal skin and sebaceous gland density determine tip refinement outcomes in rhinoplasty; Fitzpatrick classification helps predict scar risk.
Devamını oku →Rhinoplasty Inflammation Management
Perioperative dexamethasone 8 mg, taping protocol, and lymphatic massage after three weeks — evidence-based approaches in rhinoplasty inflammation management.
Devamını oku →Nasion and Radix Aesthetics
Ideal radix height is 9–14 mm from the corneal plane; the nasofrontal angle and radix position are critical parameters determining nasal profile balance.
Devamını oku →Pre-Rhinoplasty Preparation
Pre-rhinoplasty preparation requires 2-week aspirin/NSAID cessation, blood tests, five-angle photography protocol, digital morphing, and comprehensive informed consent.
Devamını oku →Rhinoplasty Contraindications
Active BDD, recent isotretinoin use (6-month wait), active infection, incomplete facial growth (<18 years), and uncontrolled systemic disease are rhinoplasty contraindications.
Devamını oku →Crooked Nose Correction
In C-type or S-type deviation, asymmetric osteotomies, extracorporeal septoplasty for severe cases, and camouflage grafts are used; revision rates can reach 20%.
Devamını oku →Nasal Analysis Parameters
Comprehensive nasal analysis includes: nasofrontal 115–130°, nasolabial 90–110° (gender-specific), Goode tip projection 0.55–0.60, alar base=intercanthal distance, and alar-columellar relationship.
Devamını oku →Thyroid & Parathyroid
78 seçili terimThyroidectomy
Surgical removal of all (total thyroidectomy) or part (partial/lobectomy) of the thyroid gland.
Devamını oku →Thyroid Nodule
An abnormal growth of tissue within the thyroid gland, most often benign; evaluation with ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration when indicated.
Devamını oku →Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
The most common type of thyroid cancer; generally carries a good prognosis and is managed with surgery and radioactive iodine when indicated.
Devamını oku →Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
An autoimmune condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against the thyroid gland; the most common cause of hypothyroidism.
Devamını oku →Graves' Disease
An autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by stimulating antibodies against TSH receptors; may be associated with exophthalmos.
Devamını oku →Hyperthyroidism
A condition in which the thyroid gland produces excess hormones (T3/T4), accelerating metabolism and causing various systemic symptoms.
Devamını oku →Hypothyroidism
A condition in which the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones; presents with fatigue, weight gain and cold intolerance.
Devamını oku →Goitre
Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland; may be diffuse or nodular and can present with difficulty swallowing or a sensation of fullness in the neck.
Devamını oku →Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (RLN)
The critical nerve innervating the vocal cords and central to thyroid-surgery safety; injury causes hoarseness or vocal cord paralysis.
Devamını oku →Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB)
A minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in which a fine needle removes cells from a thyroid nodule under ultrasound guidance.
Devamını oku →Radioactive Iodine (RAI) Therapy
A treatment using the I-131 isotope that selectively destroys thyroid tissue; used for hyperthyroidism or as adjuvant therapy after thyroid cancer surgery.
Devamını oku →Hypoparathyroidism
Insufficient PTH secretion from the parathyroid glands causing low blood calcium; an important complication of thyroidectomy.
Devamını oku →Thyroid Ultrasound
Core imaging modality evaluating thyroid nodules, size and architecture; B-mode and Doppler findings are interpreted in the ACR TI-RADS context.
Devamını oku →TI-RADS Classification
ACR-developed standardized classification system that scores thyroid nodules by sonographic features to estimate malignancy probability and clinical-review priority.
Devamını oku →Bethesda System for Thyroid Cytopathology
International reporting system that categorizes thyroid fine-needle aspiration cytology results into six standard categories (I-VI), adding malignancy-risk context for clinical decision-making.
Devamını oku →Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Most common thyroid cancer type; associated with RET rearrangements and BRAF V600E mutation, showing lymph node spread but rare distant metastasis, with excellent long-term prognosis.
Devamını oku →Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma showing vascular or capsular invasion, capable of hematogenous distant metastasis and potentially responsive to radioactive iodine in selected cases.
Devamını oku →Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
Rare thyroid cancer arising from parafollicular C cells, secreting calcitonin, associated with RET proto-oncogene mutation and MEN2 syndrome, unresponsive to RAI.
Devamını oku →Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
The most aggressive of all thyroid cancers; rapidly growing, airway-threatening, and approached with BRAF V600E targeted therapy, but with extremely poor prognosis.
Devamını oku →Hürthle Cell Carcinoma
Aggressive variant of follicular carcinoma showing oncocytic differentiation; RAI-resistant, prone to hematogenous metastasis, with a more aggressive clinical course.
Devamını oku →Primary Thyroid Lymphoma
Rare thyroid malignancy developing on a Hashimoto background, with DLBCL or MALT histology, primarily treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, with a very limited role for surgery.
Devamını oku →Multinodular Goiter
Growth of the thyroid gland with multiple nodules; common thyroid pathology interpreted for compressive symptoms, retrosternal extension, dominant nodule rule and toxic transformation.
Devamını oku →Toxic Adenoma (Plummer Disease)
Single autonomously functioning thyroid nodule producing thyroid hormone independently of TSH; scintigraphy, hormone profile and patient factors are assessed together to choose a treatment direction.
Devamını oku →Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Common in elderly patients, hyperthyroidism from autonomous hormone production in a multinodular thyroid gland; treatment direction depends on gland volume, compressive symptoms and patient risks.
Devamını oku →Subacute / De Quervain Thyroiditis
Self-limiting inflammatory disease following viral infection, characterized by thyroid pain and tenderness, elevated ESR and transient hyperthyroid-hypothyroid phases.
Devamını oku →Silent / Painless Thyroiditis
Autoimmune thyroid inflammation without thyroid pain, common in the postpartum period, with transient hyperthyroid phase followed by a hypothyroid phase.
Devamını oku →Riedel's Thyroiditis
Rare inflammatory condition invading the thyroid and surrounding structures with fibrous tissue, forming a wood-hard mass, in the IgG4-related disease spectrum.
Devamını oku →Thyroid Hormones (T3/T4/TSH/TRH)
Hormonal cascade forming the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis; TRH stimulates TSH; TSH regulates production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Free fractions (fT4, fT3) have clinical significance.
Devamını oku →Thyrotoxicosis
Clinical syndrome caused by excess thyroid hormone levels; may originate from Graves' disease, toxic adenoma or thyroiditis and requires careful assessment for thyroid storm risk.
Devamını oku →Thyroid Storm
Life-threatening acute thyrotoxicosis crisis that can develop after a trigger in inadequately controlled hyperthyroidism; the Burch-Wartofsky score helps structure clinical suspicion.
Devamını oku →Hypothyroidism Management
Hypothyroidism management strategy based on levothyroxine dosing and TSH targets; individualized monitoring framework according to age, cardiac status and thyroid cancer risk class.
Devamını oku →Myxedema Coma
Life-threatening complication of severe decompensated hypothyroidism; emergency condition with hypothermia, altered consciousness, hypoventilation and cardiovascular depression requiring ICU care and IV thyroid hormone.
Devamını oku →Total Thyroidectomy Technique
Standard surgical technique for complete thyroid removal consisting of capsular dissection, RLN identification, parathyroid gland preservation and hemostasis; outcomes depend on surgeon and center experience.
Devamını oku →Hemithyroidectomy (Lobectomy)
Removal of a single thyroid lobe and isthmus; organ-preserving surgical approach preferred for diagnostic purposes, unilateral nodule or selected low-risk thyroid cancers.
Devamını oku →Thyroidectomy Complications
Main complications of thyroid surgery: RLN injury, hypoparathyroidism, neck hematoma, seroma and infection; risk varies by surgical extent and center experience.
Devamını oku →RLN Monitoring (IONM)
Intraoperative neuromonitoring localizing the recurrent laryngeal nerve by electrical stimulation and tracking its functional response during thyroid surgery; LOS change is an important warning for bilateral RLN risk.
Devamını oku →Surgical Hypoparathyroidism
PTH insufficiency developing from parathyroid gland damage or devascularization during thyroidectomy; may be transient or permanent, managed with calcium and active vitamin D replacement.
Devamını oku →Post-Thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia
Low calcium that can occur after thyroidectomy; may present with perioral numbness, hand-foot tingling and muscle cramps.
Devamını oku →Radioactive Iodine (RAI / I-131) Treatment
Selective radiotherapy using I-131 isotope to ablate the gland in hyperthyroidism or destroy residual thyroid tissue after differentiated thyroid cancer surgery; contraindicated in pregnancy.
Devamını oku →Durumunuzla ilgili sorunuz mu var?
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