Reference

Medical Dictionary

300 ENT terms selected from a 3,008-entry working corpus. Entries are readable; organic publication requires documented medical review.

Medical review is in progress

These 300 entries are accessible for information. Entries without documented medical sign-off remain excluded from search indexing and entry-level medical structured data.

Rhinoplasty & Nasal Surgery(105)Thyroid & Parathyroid(78)ENT — General(80)Otology & Ear(37)Head & Neck Oncology(0)Laryngology & Voice(0)

ENT — General

80 selected terms

Septoplasty

A functional surgical procedure that corrects the deviated septum to improve nasal airflow without altering the external appearance of the nose.

Chronic Rhinitis

Long-lasting chronic inflammation or dysfunction of the nasal mucosa; includes allergic and non-allergic forms.

Rhinosinusitis

Simultaneous inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses; modern medicine prefers this term over "sinusitis" alone.

Acute Sinusitis

Sudden-onset inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, usually following a viral upper respiratory infection. Antibiotic therapy may be indicated when bacterial superinfection develops.

Chronic Sinusitis (CRS)

Long-lasting inflammation of the paranasal sinuses, divided into polyp and non-polyp subtypes; FESS may be used in refractory cases.

Life-threatening complications arising from orbital or intracranial spread of rhinosinusitis; orbital cellulitis, subdural empyema, brain abscess and cavernous sinus thrombosis are the most important presentations.

Maxillary Sinus

The largest paranasal sinus, located within the cheekbone on both sides of the face; its floor is adjacent to the upper molar teeth and can predispose to odontogenic sinusitis.

Ethmoid Sinus

A paranasal sinus complex composed of multiple small cells located between the nose and orbit; its adjacency to the optic nerve and orbit creates critical anatomical landmarks requiring attention during FESS.

Sphenoid Sinus

A paranasal sinus within the sphenoid bone, clinically important because of its proximity to the carotid artery, optic nerve and pituitary gland.

Frontal Sinus

A paranasal sinus in the frontal bone that drains through the narrow, variable frontal recess; anatomical variation makes surgical planning important.

Balloon Sinuplasty

A minimally invasive sinus surgery technique that aims to widen the sinus ostium with a small balloon catheter; it achieves drainage by compression alone without removing bone or mucosa.

Nasal Polyp Treatment

Topical steroids and saline irrigation are core treatments for nasal polyps; biologics may help severe type-2 disease and FESS is considered for refractory cases.

Chronic Tonsillitis Surgery (Tonsillectomy)

Surgical treatment for recurrent or chronic tonsillar infections, with indications guided by Paradise criteria and specialist surgical assessment.

Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy)

A collection of pus between the tonsillar capsule and pharyngeal muscles; deviated uvula and muffled voice are characteristic findings.

Adenoid Hypertrophy

Enlargement of the nasopharyngeal lymphoid tissue causes nasal obstruction, chronic otitis media with effusion and snoring.

Adenotonsillectomy

Surgical removal of both the tonsils and adenoid tissue; one of the most common ENT procedures for paediatric OSA and recurrent tonsillitis.

Paediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnoea

A disorder of recurrent upper airway obstruction in children; the hallmark is hyperactivity and inattention rather than daytime sleepiness as in adults.

CPAP Therapy

Continuous positive airway pressure delivers pressurised air to keep the upper airway open during sleep; the gold-standard non-surgical treatment for moderate-to-severe OSA.

Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)

Surgery that widens the upper airway by removing excess soft palate, uvula and pharyngeal tissue; used for OSA and snoring treatment.

Tongue Base Radiofrequency Somnoplasty

A minimally invasive procedure using radiofrequency energy to reduce tongue base volume and widen the retroglottal airway; serves as an adjunct in the OSA surgical algorithm.

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE)

Dynamic evaluation method using flexible endoscopy under pharmacologically induced sleep to observe upper airway collapse patterns and guide OSA surgical planning.

Allergic Rhinitis Treatment

Stepwise management of IgE-mediated nasal inflammation caused by inhaled allergens, encompassing pharmacotherapy, allergen immunotherapy and biologics.

Vasomotor Rhinitis

Hyperreactive nasal inflammation unrelated to allergy or infection, triggered by non-specific stimuli such as temperature changes, cigarette smoke or strong odours.

Choanal Atresia

Obstruction of the posterior nasal openings (choanae) by bony or membranous tissue; bilateral form creates a neonatal airway emergency.

Nasal Foreign Body

An object lodged in the nasal cavity; presents with unilateral purulent malodorous discharge; button batteries can cause dangerous alkali burns and require urgent removal.

Epistaxis Management

The vast majority of nasal bleeding originates from the anterior Kiesselbach plexus and can be stopped by silver nitrate cauterisation; posterior bleeding follows a more severe course.

Septoplasty Complications

Management of potential complications of nasal septum deviation correction surgery, chiefly haematoma, perforation, CSF leak and synechiae formation.

Turbinoplasty Techniques

Surgical methods that reduce inferior turbinate volume to decrease nasal resistance; radiofrequency ablation, microdebrider submucosal resection and turbinate outfracture are the main options.

Nasal Obstruction Assessment

Objective and subjective measurement of nasal obstruction using the NOSE questionnaire, acoustic rhinometry, and active anterior rhinomanometry.

Nasal Steroid Spray Technique

Correct application of topical nasal corticosteroids: directing the spray laterally away from the septum to ensure minimal systemic absorption.

Neck Lymph Node Assessment

Neck lymph node assessment combines size, shape, consistency, growth pattern and ultrasound findings; sampling is planned according to the clinical picture when suspicion persists.

Neck Mass Differential Diagnosis

Reactive adenopathy and congenital cysts predominate in children; in adults, a persistent or enlarging neck mass requires more careful evaluation for malignancy.

Branchial Cleft Cyst

Congenital cyst arising from the second branchial arch, located at the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle; complete surgical excision including the tract is required to prevent recurrence.

Thyroglossal Duct Cyst

Congenital midline cyst at or below the hyoid bone that moves with tongue protrusion; Sistrunk procedure is required for definitive treatment.

Cervical Lymphadenitis

Inflammatory enlargement of cervical lymph nodes; may be viral (EBV, CMV) or bacterial (Streptococcus); NTM scrofuloderma requires excisional biopsy.

Salivary Gland Stones (Sialolithiasis)

Calcified stone formation in salivary ducts; it can cause recurrent submandibular or cheek swelling and pain, especially around meals.

Bell's Palsy

Idiopathic peripheral lower motor neuron facial palsy; early corticosteroid assessment and protection of an eye that cannot close are central care priorities.

Intraoperative Facial Nerve Monitoring

EMG-based monitoring using continuous and stimulated modes; standard practice in parotidectomy and temporal bone surgery.

Horner Syndrome (ENT Perspective)

Triad of ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis indicating a lesion at central, preganglionic or postganglionic level of the sympathetic pathway; MRI brainstem and neck CT are required.

Deep Neck Space Infection

Life-threatening infection of deep neck spaces including parapharyngeal, retropharyngeal and Ludwig angina; airway prioritised, followed by CT with IV contrast, drainage and antibiotics.

Neck Pain ENT Differential Diagnosis

Cervical radiculopathy, reactive adenopathy, fluctuant abscess and painless firm malignancy are the main ENT causes of neck pain; weight loss and dysphagia are red flags.

Obstructive Sleep Apnoea Surgical Options

DISE phenotyping guides surgical approach; UPPP for the velum, tongue base RF, HNS (Inspire device) and maxillomandibular advancement are the most effective options.

Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Complications

FESS complications include orbital wall breach, CSF leak, major haemorrhage, anosmia and rare visual loss that must be recognised urgently.

Allergen Immunotherapy for Allergic Rhinitis

Allergen immunotherapy is a disease-modifying treatment for allergic rhinitis recommended by EAACI guidelines, administered as subcutaneous injections (SCIT) or sublingual drops/tablets (SLIT) with progressively increasing allergen doses over 3–5 years.

CRS Phenotypes: With and Without Nasal Polyps

Chronic rhinosinusitis is classified by the presence (CRSwNP) or absence (CRSsNP) of nasal polyps based on symptoms persisting ≥12 weeks, and divided into two endotypes: eosinophilic Type 2 inflammation and non-eosinophilic Th1-driven disease.

Post-COVID Anosmia

Post-COVID anosmia results from damage to sustentacular support cells of the olfactory epithelium following SARS-CoV-2 infection; 10–15% of patients experience persistent loss beyond 6 months.

Antibiotic Selection in Acute Bacterial Rhinosinusitis

Acute bacterial rhinosinusitis (ABRS) is defined by symptoms persisting ≥10 days or worsening after initial improvement; the AAO-HNS 2015 guideline recommends amoxicillin-clavulanate 875/125 mg twice daily for 5–7 days as first-line treatment.

Antrochoanal Polyp

An antrochoanal polyp is a unilateral polypoid lesion originating from the maxillary sinus antrum that extends through the accessory or natural ostium to the nasopharynx, accounting for 4–6% of all nasal polyps and occurring predominantly in children and young adults.

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